If one trend that emerged in the past year was considered more disturbing than others, it would be the apparent increase in fundamentalism and religious intolerance in a country that prides itself on being a bastion of pluralism.
It is hard to ignore. The increasing trend is evidenced by a constant stream of news reports of attacks against minority religious groups, as well as reports and surveys from various organizations.
The Setara Institute for Peace and Democracy recorded 28 attacks and violations of Christians’ right to worship in the first seven months of the year alone, up from 18 in all of 2009 and 17 in 2008.
In a separate report, the Wahid Institute said it had recorded 196 cases of violence based on intolerance and religious discrimination in 2010, an increase of almost 50 percent from a year earlier. The Moderate Muslim Society, on the other hand, says Indonesia saw at least 81 cases of interreligious conflict in 2010 — an increase of more than 30 percent from 2009.
“What we see today is an excess stemming from the repressive approach to religion during the Suharto era,” said Siti Musdah Mulia, a progressive Islamic scholar from the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace.
“Back then, when there was no freedom of speech, religious councils were established to coordinate all religious affairs.”
“Now that we have democracy, everyone wants to express his or her opinion. Unfortunately, many violated Pancasila and our constitution, and the government just turned a blind eye on it,” she added. “The government should forcefully implement the law against those groups. What we see lately is a process of human rights violations by omission.”
Blatant Attacks
It is not just the number of attacks and conflicts that are worrisome. It is also how emboldened the attackers seem to have become.
Members of the Ahmadiyah sect, for example, have been persecuted in the country for many years. Beginning in June, though, attacks against the group began occurring one after the other, the next one seemingly worse than the last.
In the capital, an Ahmadiyah mosque was firebombed. Then, in Bogor, a mob destroyed a mosque and several homes belonging to sect members.
An Ahmadiyah community in West Nusa Tenggara was also attacked in November and forced to leave its village.
The same trend was seen in conflicts involving Christians in the Greater Jakarta area. The shutdown of churches due to lack of necessary permits preceded violent attacks.
In September, Asia Sihombing and Rev. Luspida Simandjuntak, leaders of the Batak Christian Congregation (HKBP) in Bekasi, were stabbed and assaulted. Asia was stabbed and Luspida was be aten with a stick.
Thirteen defendants — including Murhali Barda, the suspended leader of the Islamic Defenders Front’s (FPI) Bekasi chapter — were indicted in court on Wednesday for a variety of charges, but the root of the problem remains.
Setara researcher Ismail Hasani had said earlier that the suburban regions of Jakarta — primarily Bekasi and Bogor, and even Depok and Tangerang — were seeing a radicalization phenomenon.
In June, a new group calling itself the Bekasi Islamic Presidium even announced plans for a road show aimed at persuading every mosque in the city to prepare for the possibility of “war” against “Christianization.”
Government Role
Equally — if not more — frustratingly for pluramism and rights advocates is the government’s response to the problem.
While President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has made a number of calls for pluralism to be upheld, those demands have failed to translate into action on the part of the government.
Religious Affairs Minister Suryadharma Ali, for instance, has re peatedly called for Ahmadiyah to disband, and he has shown support for the 1965 Law on Blasphemy that observers say has legitimized acts of violence against minority sects and groups.
The lack of change is also seen among law enforcement officers.
“A police officer once asked why I defended Ahmadiyah because he thinks Ahmadiyah is deviant. I told him that the police should protect them despite what they believe,” Siti said, pointing out that law enforcers should be neutral.
“It shows the lack of civic education in the recruitment process,” she added.
Suryadharma also supports the 2006 Joint Ministerial Decree on Houses of Worship, which requires the consent of the surrounding community for building churches, temples and mosques.
This has often been cited as the cause of the ongoing problem. In a majority Muslim country, a number of Christian congregations have encountered difficulty in getting consent from locals to build churches, forcing them to use houses or even vacant lots as venues for worship, which local governments say is illegal.
“Indonesians have witnessed an enormous process of mismanagement carried out by the government,” said Siti Zuhro, a political analyst from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI).
During the iron-fisted rule of former President Suharto, he said, there was no tolerance shown for religious frictions, and any statements that had the potential to stir up social, religious and racial tensions were limited.
“Our democracy failed to create leaders that manage to protect all citizens. We only have rulers,” he said.
Rising Extremism
“I remember when President Yudhoyono held a state dinner during Obama’s visit. He repeatedly mentioned the country’s unity in diversity and pluralism,” said Siti Musdah, the chairwoman of the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace.
“Yudhoyono should be ashamed of himself with all these problems in the country.”
Adding insult to injury, the Indonesian Council of Ulema (MUI) said earlier this month that the proliferation of Santas, reindeer and twinkly lights in malls and public places had gone too far for the nation’s Muslim majority, claiming the decor had sparked complaints about Christmas overload.
“We have a serious problem with the powerless leadership that has no vision on how to keep this country united,” said Father Benny Susetyo of the Indonesian Bishops Conference.
“The state is absent in all of this chaos.”
Benny is worried that if the ongoing religious intolerance continues, Indonesia will become like Pakistan, where violence becomes part of daily life. “We may be shattered like the Soviet Union,” he said.
Another problem Benny highlighted was the moderate voices who have become a silent majority in the whole process.
“Moderate Indonesians should raise their voice and demand serious law enforcement by the state apparatus to crack down on these small, hard-line groups,” he said.
A survey released in September by the Center for the Study of Islam and Society found that among 1,200 adult Muslim men and women surveyed nationwide, 57.8 percent said they were against the construction of churches and other non-Muslim places of worship — the highest rate the study center has recorded since 2001. More than a quarter, 27.6 percent, said they minded if non-Muslims taught their children, up from 21.4 percent in 2008.
“Our education system has failed to instill the mentality to respect others whose views are different from ours. Even some elementary schools teach that people who think or live differently are enemies,” Siti said, demanding the government begin serious intervention on the issue. “Education is our only chance for the future.”
Kamis, 30 Desember 2010
2010 Review: Wave of Religious Intolerance Intensifies
Sabtu, 25 Desember 2010
Setgab Koalisi Tak Kondusif, PKS Baiknya Keluar
JAKARTA, RIMANEWS- PKS boleh kecewa, namun nampaknya Setgab Koalisi tak mau tahu. Ada baiknya PKS menimbang untuk keluar dari setgab yang sudah tidak kondusif itu.Kekecewaan yang dialami oleh Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) terhadap dominasi Partai Golkar dan Partai Demokrat di Setgab Koalisi bisa dipahami, namun dinilai tidak akan membuat Setgab bubar.
"Tidak akan bubar," ujar pengamat politik dari Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Siti Zuhro, Jumat (24/12/2010).
Pasalnya, dalam politik memang biasa terjadi adanya dinamika seperti ancaman- ancaman dan hal itu diperlukan untuk menghitung kekuatan politik. Misalnya siap damai dan siap perang dengan mengambil segala resiko.
Lagipula, ketika PKS masuk dalam Setgab, lanjut dia sudah mengetahui konsekuensi, hak dan kewajibannya. "Kalau memang tidak sesuai keinginan ya bisa diluruskan," terangnya.
Menurut Siti, ketika kemudian komunikasi RUUK Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta hanya antara Ketua Umum Partai Golkar Aburizal Bakrie dan Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono itu masih wajar. "Ini karena Aburizal Bakrie adalah ketua harian Setgab, jadi sangat wajar," ucapnya.
Seperti diberitakan sebelumnya, PKS menilai Partai Demokrat dan Partai Golkar terlalu mendominasi Setgab Koalisi. Hal ini menyebabkan tidak sehatnya pola komunikasi di antara anggota Setgab. Sehubungan dengan itu PKS mengajak PDIP membentuk Poros Tengah
Polemik yang terjadi di internal Sekretariat Gabungan (Setgab) parpol koalisi harus menjadi bahan masukan untuk evaluasi ke depan.
"Masukan bahan evaluasi supaya ke depan lebih sinergi, koordinatif, interaktif dan partisipatif," kata pengamat dari Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Siti Zuhro Jakarta, Jumat (24/12/2010).
Hal itu, kata dia harus diterapkan sehingga semua anggota partai koalisi merasa nyaman, sejajar dan sama rata. Kemudian tidak ada lagi yang namanya partai besar dan partai kecil.
Hal-hal teknis seperti masalah komunikasi mengenai kebijakan pengambilan keputusan RUU Keistimewaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta perlu dibicarakan kembali. Apalagi, jika ada yang melenceng dari kesepakatan awal.
Setgab, kata dia saat ini memang masih dalam tahap belajar berkoalisi dan memaksimalkan komunikasi. Akan tetapi, seharusnya dinamika yang ada dibicarakan secara internal terlebih dahulu.
Misalnya apa yang dialami oleh Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) dan Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) merasa ada dominasi Partai Golkar dan Partai Demokrat. "Ini kan seperti memercik air di dulang," kata dia.
Kamis, 23 Desember 2010
SETGAB PECAH? Setgab Akan Wassalam Jika Ical Mundur
SITI ZUHRO/IST |
Demikian disampaikan peneliti senior dari Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Siti Zuhro, kepada Rakyat Merdeka Online, beberapa saat lalu (Kamis, 23/22).
"Apalagi kalau yang bersuara baru Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) dan belum merembet ke partai lain. PKS juga belum mengklarifikasi, apakah itu pernyataan salah satu politisinya atau memang pernyataan resmi partai. Tapi saya yakin meskipun itu suara kekecewaan partai, Setgab tidak akan bubar. Kecuali, kalau Ical sebagai Ketua Setgab menyatakan mundur dari Setgab, baru Setgab akan wassalam atau bubar. Selama Ketua Golkar tidak mundur, Setgab akan dinamis seperti biasa," kata Siti Zuhro.
Zuhro juga yakin Setgab akan tetap bertahan selama dinamika politik masih stagnan.[yan]
Rabu, 22 Desember 2010
KOALISI: PKS Jangan Curigai Golkar dan Demokrat di Setgab
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Siti Zuhro : Bila Tak Lagi Nyaman, PKS Angkat Kaki saja Dari Setgab. Resiko Tanggung Sendiri!
JAKARTA, RIMANEWS- Kekecewaan Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) terhadap sekretariat gabungan (Setgab) partai koalisi pendukung pemerintah kian memuncak. Kali ini, PKS merasa tersisihkan dari Partai Demokrat dan Partai Golkar yang kerap mengklaim sikap Setgab diamini semua partai koalisi, meski menurut PKS tidak demikian. Peneliti bidang politik dari LIPI, Siti Zuhro berpendapat PKS sebaiknya hengkang dari Setgab bila tak lagi nyaman di koalisi.
"Lebih baik keluar dari Setgab, daripada menggerogoti di dalam. Karena bukan kali ini saja PKS ngambek, sejak Pilpres termasuk kasus Century, PKS tetap konsisten atas tuntutannya," kata Siti, Rabu (22/12/2010).
Siti menduga keretakan koalisi bisa berujung pada perombakan kabinet (reshuffle). Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono menurutnya akan memperhitungkan dengan cermat reshuffle untuk menjaga stabilitas pemerintahan dan politik nasional. "Tidak ada win-win solution (untuk menengahi persoalan internal Setgab), hanya keliatannya di 2011 akan ada reshuffle," tandasnya.
Akan tetapi, bila PKS keluar dari Setgab, bukan tak mungkin partai Islam modern itu akan mendapat cibiran dari masyarakat. "Menguatkan kesan dan penilaian publik partai ini hanya mementingkan diri sendiri dan kekuasaannya," sambungnya.
Siti berpendapat stabilitas Setgab terganggu bila Golkar 'berulah'. "Kalau Golkar berulah, itu mulai hati-hati perlu perhitungan karena intinya ada di Golkar," kata dia.(okz/ian)
